Mole Crabs (certainly much nicer words than SAND FLEAS!!!). I befriended a family (from Sicily originally) who treated me like my own family at a time I was not able to be with my family. And I learned to call the Grandma "Nona" and they were quite kind to me. However, every now and then they had a desire to make a giant pot of seasoned "mole crabs". Not only did they enlist my help to collect buckets of these at the beach, but I was invited always to the “feast” afterwards. The lady of the house would clean these and throw them into boiling water….the shells would turn pinkish red like prawns. She had this “theory” that one had to remove the “tail” (WHATEVER in heck that was!!!) – and she would make this sauté of Mole Crabs, onions, garlic, hot peppers, tomatoes – sort of like a “spaghetti” sauce. I never much cared for the “delicacy” (served with her homemade pasta with a machine she brought from Italy) because I really had a hard time “dissecting” the tiny crabs, discarding the shells (although she and her husband and Grandmama crunched down on them WHOLE, shell, legs and all ) and finding something WORTH eating inside that tiny shell. To each his/her own, I suppose!!! And please don’t use “my recipe” – I DON’T have one……I wish I’d never eaten them, but the family’s company was sweet, good and kind and one can overlook a lot when things are that way.
Emerita (genus)
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Emerita | ||
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Female Emerita analoga | ||
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Emerita is a small genus of decapod crustaceans, known as mole crabs. These are small animals that burrow in the sand in the wash zone and use their antennae for filter feeding.
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[edit] Description
Emerita has a barrel-shaped body. It has a tough exoskeleton and can hold its appendages close to the body, allowing it to roll in the tidal currents and waves.[3] It has feathery antennae, which is uses to filter plankton and detritus from the swash.[3]
Males are typically smaller in females, and in some species, such as Emerita rathbunae, the minute males live attached to the legs of the female.[4] Females are around 8–37 millimetres (0.31–1.5 in) in carapace length, depending on the species, while males vary from a similar size to females in E. austroafricana, down to 2.5 mm (0.098 in) carapace length in E. rathbunae and E. talpoida.[5]
[edit] Distribution
The genus as a whole has a broad distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. Most individual species, however, are restricted to smaller areas, and their ranges rarely overlap.[6] The genus is common on both coasts of the United States and along the Atlantic coast of Africa; the related genus Hippa is found in Australia.[7]
[edit] Species
- Emerita analoga (Stimpson, 1857) – western North America and western South America
- Emerita austroafricana Schmitt, 1937 – south-eastern Africa and Madagascar
- Emerita benedicti Schmitt, 1935 – Gulf of Mexico
- Emerita brasiliensis Schmitt, 1935 – southeastern Brazil
- Emerita emeritus (Linnaeus, 1767) – South Asia and South East Asia
- Emerita holthuisi Sankolli, 1965 – western India, Persian Gulf and Red Sea
- Emerita karachiensis Niazi & Haque, 1974 – Pakistan
- Emerita portoricensis Schmitt, 1935 – Caribbean Sea
- Emerita rathbunae Schmitt, 1935 – western Central America
- Emerita talpoida (Say, 1817) – eastern North America
It had been widely thought that the Old World species formed a monophyletic group, as did the New World species. The use of molecular phylogenetics has shown, however, that Emerita analoga, a species living along the Atlantic coast of North America, is more closely related to African species than it is to other New World species.[6]
[edit] Taxonomy
The genus Emerita was erected by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1777 work Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem.[8] The type species is Cancer emeritus (now Emerita emeritus), because at one time it was the only species in the genus.[2] Other genera with the same name have been rejected for nomenclatural purposes; these were published by Laurens Theodorus Gronovius (1764) and Friedrich Christian Meuschen (1778 and 1781).[1]
[edit] Ecology and behaviour
E. analoga digging in the sand
Emerita is adept at burrowing, and is capable of burying itself completely in 1.5 seconds.[3] Unlike mud shrimp, Emerita burrows tail-first into the sand, using the pereiopods to scrape the sand from underneath the body.[9] During this action, the carapace is pressed into the sand as anchorage for the digging limbs.[9] The digging requires the sand to be fluidised by wave action, and Emerita must bury itself in the correct orientation before the wave has passed in order to be safe from predators.[9]
As the tide changes, Emerita changes its position on the beach;[3] most individuals stay in the zone of breaking waves.[4] This may be detected by the physical characteristics of the sand. As the tide falls, the sand is allowed to settle; when Emerita detects this, it uses the temporary liquefaction from a breaking wave to emerge from its burrow, and is carried down the beach by the wave action.[4] Longshore drift may also drag Emerita laterally along a beach.[4]
The main predators of Emerita are fish; in the eastern Pacific Ocean, the barred surfperch (Amphistichus argenteus) is particularly important.[4] Seabirds also eat Emerita, but do not appear to target the aggregations of mole crabs.[4] Carcasses of Emerita provide an important food source for the closely related scavenger Blepharipoda.[4]
[edit] Life cycle
Eggs on the underside of a female E. analoga
Emerita has a short life span, perhaps no more than 2–3 years, and can reproduce in its first year of life.[4] The eggs are bright orange, and hatch into larvae, which may live as plankton for more than 4 months and can be carried long distances by ocean currents.[4] The number of zoeal stages varies between species from 6 to 11.[2]
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
External identifiers for Emerita | |
NCBI Taxonomy | |
Also found in: Wikispecies | |
1. ^ a b International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1963). "Opinion 643. Idotea Fabricius, 1798, and Mesidotea Richardson, 1905 (Crustacea, Decapoda); validation under the Plenary Powers". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 20 (1): 18–25. http://biostor.org/reference/2147.
2. ^ a b c d Christopher B. Boyko & Patsy A. McLaughlin (2010). Part IV – Hippoidea. In Martyn E. Y. Low and S. H. Tan. "Annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the Kiwaoidea and families Chirostylidae and Galatheidae of the Galatheoidea)" (PDF). Zootaxa Suppl. 23: 109–129. http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s23/s23rbz139-151.pdf.
3. ^ a b c d Kenneth Henry Mann (2000). "Sandy beaches". Ecology of Coastal Waters, with Implications for Management. Volume 8 of Studies in Ecology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 218–236. ISBN 9780865425507. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4lWl-0Rsi5MC&pg=PA228.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Edward F. Ricketts, Jack Calvin, David W. Phillips & Joel W. Hedgpeth (1992). "Open-coast sandy beaches". Between Pacific Tides (5th ed.). Stanford University Press. pp. 249–265. ISBN 9780804720687.
5. ^ T. Subramoniam (1981). "Protandric hermaphroditism in a mole crab, Emerita asiatica (Decapoda:Anomura)". Biological Bulletin 160 (1): 161–174. JSTOR 1540910. http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/1/161.
6. ^ a b c Pilar A. Haye, Yan K. Tam, Irv Kornfield (2002). "Molecular phylogenetics of mole crabs (Hippidae: Emerita)". Journal of Crustacean Biology 22 (4): 903–915. doi:10.1651/0278-0372(2002)022[0903:MPOMHE]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1549850.
7. ^ Colin Little (2000). "The coarse extreme: life on sandy beaches". The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–57. ISBN 9780198504269. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wKyGWAUgWXIC&pg=PA36.
8. ^ Ioannis Ant. Scopoli (1777) (in Latin). Introductio ad historiam naturalem sistens genera lapidum, plantarum, et animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturae. Prague: Wolfgang Gerle. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42076.
9. ^ a b c Adolf Seilacher (2007). "Plate 21. Burrowing techniques". Trace Fossil Analysis. Springer. p. 64. ISBN 9783540472254
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